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China's absorption of foreign investment is an important content of China's fundamental principle of opening up to the outside world, and also an important component of Deng Xiaoping Theory, and is one of the great practices of building up socialist economy with Chinese characteristics. The Third Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Party in 1978 confirmed over again the ideological line of emancipating the mind and seeking truth from facts, and realized the historical transformation of key work for the entire Party. It also established the basic line of focusing on the central task of economic construction, and made up the great decision of reform and opening up to the outside world. The Law of the People's Republic of China on Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures, was promulgated by the National People's Congress in 1979, then the work of utilizing foreign capital as an important content of opening up to the outside world initiated as China's fundamental principle. After twenty years of great efforts, the scale of absorbing foreign capital increasingly expanded as well as the level was increasingly upgraded when China's law and managerial system on foreign investment have been gradually perfected. The achievements won the whole world's attention, which effectively promoted the continuous, fast and healthy development of national economy.
I The basic means of China's absorption of foreign investments The foreign investments are basically divided into direct investment and other means of investment. The direct investment, which is widely adopted, includes Sino-foreign joint ventures, joint exploitation and exclusively foreign-owned enterprises, foreign-funded share-holding companies and joint development. The other means of investment includes compensation trade and processing and assembling.
1. Sino-foreign joint ventures
Sino-foreign joint ventures are also known as share-holding corporations. They are formed in China with joint capitals by foreign companies, enterprises, other economic organizations and individuals with Chinese companies, enterprises, other economic organizations and individuals. The main feature is that the joint parties invest together, operate together, take risk according to the ratio of their capitals and take responsibility of losses and profits. The capitals from different parties are translated into the ratios of capitals, and in general the capital from foreign party should not be lower than 25%.
The Sino-foreign joint ventures are among the first forms of China's absorption of foreign direct investment and they account for the biggest part. At present they are still a great part in the absorption of foreign investments.
2. Cooperative businesses
Cooperative business is also called contractual cooperation businesses. They are formed in China with joint capitals or terms of cooperation by foreign companies, enterprises, other economic organizations and individuals with Chinese companies, enterprises, other economic organizations and individuals. The rights and obligations of different parties are embedded in the contract. To establish a cooperative business, the foreign party, generally speaking, supplies all or most of the capital while Chinese party supplies land, factory buildings, and useful facilities, and also some supply a certain amount of capital, too.
3. Exclusively foreign-owned enterprises
Exclusively foreign-owned enterprises, which are totally invested by foreign party in China by foreign companies, enterprises, other economic organizations and individuals in accordance with laws of China. According to the law of foreign-funded enterprises, the establishment of foreign enterprises should benefit the development of our national economy and agree with at least one of the following criteria: the enterprises must adopt international advanced technology and facility; all or most of the products must be export-oriented. The foreign funded enterprises often take the form of limited liability.
4.Joint exploitation
Joint exploitation is the abbreviation of maritime and overland oil joint exploitation. It is a widely adopted measure of economic cooperation in the international natural resources field. The striking features are high risk, high investment and high reward. The joint development is often divided into three steps: exploitation, development and production. Compared with the other three means mentioned above, joint cooperation accounts for a small ratio.
5.Foreign-funded share-holding companies Foreign companies, enterprises, other economic organizations and individuals can form foreign funded share-holding companies in China with Chinese companies, enterprises, and other economic organizations. The total capital of the share-holding company is formed by equal shares，shareholders will take due responsibilities for the company according to shares purchased; company will take responsibilities for all its debts through all its assets and the Chinese and foreign shareholders will hold the shares of the company. Among them, the shares purchased and held by foreign investors account for more than 25% of the total registered capital of the company. Limited company can be founded either by means of starting-up or raising, and the limited liability company invested by the foreigners can also apply to turn into share-holding companies. The qualified enterprises can also apply to issue A & B share and list abroad.
6. New types of foreign investment While expanding areas and opening-up domestic market, China is also exploring and expanding actively its new types of utilizing foreign investment such as BOT, investment company and so on. Since multinational merger and acquisition has become the major type of international direct investment, Chinese government is now researching and enacting related policies so as to facilitate the foreigners to invest in China by means of merger and acquisition.
II. The basic situation of China's absorption of foreign investment
1) The basic situation of absorbing foreign investment
From January to October of 2002, china has newly approved foreign 27630 enterprises, up 34.46% compared with the same period of last year; contract foreign investment US$74.989 billion, up 35.85%; actual foreign investment utilization US$44.724 billion, up 20.05%. By the end of October, 2002, China has totally approved 417,655 foreign-funded enterprises, with contract foreign investment reached US$820.28 billion and actual foreign investment utilization amount to US$439.944 billion.
By the end of 2001, China has totally approved 215484 Sino-foreign joint ventures with US$308.307 billion contract investment and US$176.515 billion actual investment; 51370 Sino-foreign cooperative businesses have been approved, in which the contract foreign investment amount to US$157.102 billion, including US$77.725 billion foreign investment and the amount of foreign enterprises is 122,992, the contract foreign investment and the actual foreign investment of which are US$275.283 billion and US$133.891 billion; China has also approved 179 joint exploitation programs with contract foreign investment and actual investment US$4.599 and US$7.092 billion respectively. The project of the primary industry invested by the foreign investors amounts to 11242, the contract foreign investment of which is US$14.071 billion; the project of the secondary industry are 285000, with US$463.160 billion contract investment and the project of the tertiary industry are 93783 with contract foreign investment of US$268.060 billion. When it comes to the source of foreign investment, 200031 projects from Hong Kong with US$348.604 billion contract investment and US$187.001 billion actual investment; American programs are 33917 with the US$68.125 billion contract investment and US$34.466 billion actual investment; the number of Japanese programs is 22402 with US$44.234 billion contract and US$32.105 billion real investment; Taiwan programs amount to 50838 with US$54.730 billion contract investment and 29.140 actual investment; 9797 programs are funded by Singapore with US$37.364 billion contract investment and US$19.136 billion actual investment.
2). The rule of foreign investment in the development of national economy The absorption of foreign investment not only makes up the shortage of capital for domestic construction of China, but also brings in a large amount advanced appropriate technologies and management experiences, boosts the development of China's opening-up economy and facilitates the development of China's high-tech industries as well as enhances the establishment and perfection of China's socialist market economy. Foreign enterprises create more job opportunities, foster a large number of talents, expand the national revenues and foreign exchanges, and improve China's international competitiveness as well as strengthen the comprehensive power of China. They have become an important and indispensable component and new growth point of national economy, and have made great contribution to the continuous rapid and stable development of our national economy.
According to statistics, from January to September 2002, the exports of foreign enterprises amounts to US$119.881 billion, up 23.9% compared with the same period of last year, and is 4.5 percentage point higher than that of export increase rate of China (19.4%). The exports of foreign-invested enterprises accounts for 51.6% of national exports volume and the proportion rises 1.9 percentage point over last year, the added export value amounts to US$23.148 billion, accounting for 61.3% of the added value of national exports volume (US$37.787 billion). From January to June, the industrial added value of foreign-invested enterprise is RMB364.1 billion yuan, up 12.2%, accounting for 25.18% of national industrial added value volume; from January to July, the tax revenues up 16.39% over the same period of last year, accounting for 20.44% of total national tax revenues. At present, the employees directly work in the foreign-invested enterprises amount to 23 million, accounting for 10% of national labor force.
III. China's policy direction of absorption of foreign investment
We should hold up high the flag of Deng Xiaoping Theory, follow the requirement of three representatives, center on the principles and policies of our nation's economic and social development determined at the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, adapt to the new situation of world economic development, stick to the principles of active and reasonable utilization of foreign capital, combine foreign capital absorption with economic structure adjustment and industrial upgrading promotion, the improvement of socialist market economy system, the reinforcement of enterprise competitiveness, the expansion of export and development of open economy, the vigorous exploitation of China's western area, and promotion of regional economies' harmonious development. Measures should be taken to further improve the soft environment for foreign investment, explore actively new methods for absorbing foreign capital, put emphasis on absorbing advanced technologies, modern management and special talents, and actively absorb foreign capital to invest in industries of new and advanced technologies, encourage multinational to set up district headquarters, research and procurement centers; speed up the development of supporting industries and push on the service trade field to open up to foreign countries step by step.
1. Energetically improve the political and legal environment for foreign investment, and to enhance legal administration level. According to our commissions for joining WTO and the requirement for our opening-up process, we will further improve the legal system of absorbing foreign investment, keep on the steadiness, consistency, predictability and feasibility of the policies and laws of foreign investment laws, try to create a united, steady, transparent and predictable environment for foreign investment. We will further simplify the examination and approval procedures for foreign investment and adopt a standardized examination and approval system; reinforce our sense of legality, try to be open, just and transparent, and establish an incorruptible, industrious, pragmatic and effective government, creating a good administrative environment for foreign investment.
2. Maintain and improve an open and fair market environment. We should combine this with the current work of rectifying and standardizing the order of market economy, prohibit firmly the improper collecting fees from foreign companies as well as improper inspection and fine of them. Measures should be taken to destroy local protectionism and industrial monopoly. We should also enhance the lawful measures to protect the intellectual property right and take strong actions against illegal piracy, therefore, establish an open, unified and fair market environment, further perfect the complaining mechanism of foreign-funded and protect the legal rights of foreign merchants according to law.
3. Further open the field of service industry. In accordance with China's self-development and Commitment to the WTO, we will open this field vigorously and steadily and systematically, perfect rules and regulations for service industry and formulate a united and standard system for accession into the market of foreign investment service. We will encourage the import of modern service concepts and advanced management experiences, technologies and modes of modern market operation, improve structure of service industry in China.
4. Encourage foreign businessmen to invest in the new high-tech industry, the basic industry, and supporting industry. The ability of technology innovation and sustainable development directly reflect the competitiveness advantages of a country. We will continue to encourage foreign investors to introduce, develop and innovate technology and to invest in technology-intensive project, and projects with advanced technology and to guide in enterprise registered capital proportion limitation and funding condition. The relevant stipulations of setting pioneering investment enterprise should also be consummated in order to facilitate the conditions of setting and developing high-tech corporations. We should attract foreigners to invest in supporting industry and encourage the localization of new materials, push domestic small and medium-sized enterprises to enforce cooperation with foreign companies and introduce the advanced and applicable technology to match the large foreign-funded enterprises, thus to enter the production and sales network of multinational companies.
5. Attract actively more multinational companies to invest in China. Multinational companies as leading force of today's world economy. We will pay more attention to improve the relevant policies to attract multinationals to invest in China, establish the local headquarters and set up cross-country procurement centers. Using the experience and methods of merger and acquisition of other countries and taking the economical system with China's characteristics and realities of into consideration, we should speed up the step to draft and improve the practical policy and stipulations of investment through merger and acquisition, further revise the relevant stipulations of the foreign-invested share-holding companies, push the formulation and perfecting of BOT and special permission transfer investment methods, the various stipulations for foreign-funded enterprise's listing domestically and abroad.
6. Further promote foreign invest in the central and western regions. Vast areas in these regions are rich in resources for farming and stock raising, mineral resources and tourist resources. With a large population and a market of great potential labor forces, other key elements for production are relatively inexpensive with the steady progress and western development strategy, such facilities as transportation, communication and construction has impressively improved. Because of the improvement of investment environment and ecological development and emergence of potential for the development of specialty economy, foreign businessmen who invest in these regions are facing brand-new opportunities and great development space.
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